英文辩论赛是怎么样的？英文辩论赛赛制介绍

1、Debate Format 辩论赛制

• Four teams participate in a British Parliamentary (BP) round, and each team consists of two people每轮英国议会制比赛有四支队伍参与，每队由两人组成

• 15 minutes for preparation 公布辩题后，15分钟准备时间

• 7 minutes for each speaker 每位辩手有7分钟演讲时间

• POIs are allowed during the middle 5 minutes 演讲中间5分钟可以向演讲者提质询问题

• 15 seconds graceful time 计时结束后在15秒内结束辩论

• Each speaker is assigned a speaker score on a 0-100 scale结束比赛后，辩手会得到0-100分的个人得分

• Each team is given aranking:A ranking of “1” = 3 points, “2” = 2 points, “3” = 1 point, and “4” = NO points每组会得到一个排名，排名第一积3分，第二名积2分，第三名积1分，第四名不得分

2、Read Motions 认识辩题

3、Analyze Motions辩题分析

1. Analyze Motions 分析辩题

• Identify key words 分析关键词

• Identify the setting/ contexts 分析情景

• Identify the type of motion 分析辩题类型

• Identify stakeholders involved 分析涉及的利益相关者

• Build the case and brainstorm argument 搭建方案并联想辩题

2. Preparation Time 准备时间

4、Speaker's Role 辩手职责

5、Key Elements 辩论要素

1. Model and Definition 模型和定义

• Model 模型：an explanation of how the resolution works阐释辩题涉及的政策和现象是如何发生的，主要集中在政策类型的辩题，辩手需要解释该政策实施的步骤与环境。

• Definition 定义：an explanation of the meaning of key word so that everyone knows what the debate is about对正在发言的辩手提出的信息或问题以阻碍辩手的立论过程，可以是对简短对内容的疑问、针对辩位职责、辩题范围的简要反驳。

2. Argument 论点

Arguments provide a structured flow of information and ideas that support the speaker’s stance toward the motion. An argument consists of four components: claim, explanation, evidence, and link.

论点提供了结构化的信息和想法流，以支持辩手的立场。论证由四个部分组成：主张、解释、证据和联系。

A. Structure of Arguments 辩论的结构

• Claim主张：The reason why a speaker embraces a certain stance. 核心观点

• Explanation 解释：elaborates on how the claim reflects on the motion, and the details lurking within. 分析和阐述该主张，并给出理由和细节

• Evidence 证据：support the idea and details of a claim. 逻辑举证或现实事例，增强论点说服力度

  • Logic evidence 逻辑证据: a series of thoughts and notions in an order that ends with the claim proved 一系列的观点、概念和想法推导至结论

  • Material evidence 实质证据: one from reality in the form of observations, statistics, or proven facts 基于事实的观察、数据和被证实的事实

• Link 联系：wrap things up by showing how the claim and evidence are valid and connected to the motion. 建立观点和辩题之间的联系、

B. Features of a good argument 一个好论点的特征

• The argument is valid, logical, and relevant to the motion and team stance.论点是合理、符合逻辑并且和辩题与队伍立场是相关的。

• The claim is precise and concise.论点的主张是易于理解和准确的。

• Evidence used is strong and credible.证据是有力且可信的。

• Argument does not repeat itself and is connected to other arguments, rebuttals, and POI.论点本身没有重复。

3. Rebuttals 反驳

In a debate, a team should respond to all arguments presented by the opposing team.

在辩论中，一方应回应对方提出的所有论点。

A. Structure of Rebuttals 反驳的结构

• Reference- specify the opponent’s argument and the speaker who made the statement. 提及- 明确反方的论点以及陈述该论点的辩手

• Mistake- Identify the fallacy and announce the team’s reply. 错误- 明确论点中的逻辑谬误并做出回应

• Evidence- Provide support 提供证据和支撑

• Impact- Effect on opponent’s argument 阐述对反方论点构成的影响

B. Rebuttal strategies 反驳策略

• Reduce the importance of the other team’s statement 减少对方论点的重要性

• Identify factual assertion is insufficient to prove a point 发现对方未经证明的断言

• Show an assertion to be false 指出对方的断言是错的

• Look out for generalizations 找到对方不当概括的地方

• Prove harms outweigh benefits 证明对方带来的坏处大于好处

• Propose alternatives 建议替代方案

4. Extension 延伸论点

In BP, the MG and MO are required to give an extension argument that hasn’t been made by OG or OO.

在英国议会制辩论中，执政党成员和反对党成员必须谈到上议院没有介绍过的延伸论点。

Ideally, extensions are entirely new arguments that address unique issues in the round.

理想情况下，延伸论点是能够解决独特问题的全新论点。

Practically, these can also be “depth” extensions, which pick up an underdeveloped idea or subpoint from the opening half and develop it fully, or develop arguments in a substantially different direction.

实际上，这些也可以是“深度”分析，即从上半场辩论中提取一个未充分展开的想法并充分发展它，或者在一个完全不同的方向上展开论点。

• Parallel extension平行延伸： 与现存论点有关的新论点

• Vertical extension垂直延伸：与现存论点相关的新材料

5. Clash 交锋

Clashes are the areas of the debate where the two sides disagree. Clashescan help identify the core controversy of the debate. Whip speaker should identify why they "won" a certain clash, and so prove why a major element of the debate falls to their side.

正反方大多数论点都在争论的核心矛盾点，通常需要党鞭辩手通过多角度比较以证明己方在此矛盾点中获胜。

6.POI/points of information 质询

• Clarification- Clarify the meaning of an argument or the significance of something said within an argument 澄清论点的含义或内容的重要性

• Contradiction- Draw attention to a contradiction between two points made by the same speaker, team, or side 指出对方辩手、队伍之间矛盾的地方

• Reinforce- Introduce an idea that you want to speak about later or remind everyone of arguments you made earlier 介绍之后的观点或重申之前提出的观点

• Weakness- Highlight weaknesses in an opponent’s case by demonstrating that your opponent has not thought through the full implications of their position 指出对手的弱点

• Confrontation- Force a speaker to deal with an issue he/she had not considered 迫使演讲者想新的观点

• Only 15 seconds 仅有15秒时间

• 1 minute protection time at the beginning and the end of each speech 演讲开头和结尾各1分钟保护时间（保护时间内不被质询问题打扰）

6、Debate Glossary 辩论术语

内容贡献：

Jamin Min, Meredith Wang,Richelle Liu, Toey Yi

参考文献：

https://www.britishcouncil.ps/sites/default/files/debater_training_manual_full_version.pdf

https://mdu.manchester.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Introduction-to-British-Parliamentary-Debating.pdf

https://lsedebating.blogspot.com/p/debatadictionary.html