Cohesion到底是什么(2)

在上一期中，给大家分析了cohesion包括的三个方面:

1. transition signals

2. referencing by using pronouns

3. using substitution

上一次分析了第一个部分transition signals，比如下图的(firstly, additionally)，今天我们接着说第2和3部分。▼

Referencing and Substitution

1. 人称代词的一致性

下面图片来自<Writing Academic Enlgish>。简单总结，人称保持一直，单复数保持一致。▼

2：指示代词 (主要四个: this, that,these, those)

(1). 指代前文提到的事物，不同的词表示远近和单复数的不同，小学内容，不赘述。

I like this picture.I like that picture.I like these pictures.I like those pictures.

(2). 可以用this 和 that指前面提到的整句话或观点，这种情况下，两者几乎没有差别。

Advertisements can act as a strong persuasion device to seemingly hypnotize people into buying goods and services. This is so because of the tactics placed in the messages. （This指代前面的整句话）

3. 非限制性定语从句 which 指代前一个句子

提示: 仅适用于英联邦语法体系，参加北美考试的考生勿用。

段落来自剑桥雅思9第167页考官范文第三段

▼➀However, there may be better ways of tackling ➁this problem. Interest in sport is not universal, and additional facilities might simply attract the already fit, not ③those who most need ④them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. ⑤This has the added benefit that parents and children often use ⑥them together just for fun, ⑦which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age. ⑦which就是一个非限制定语从句, which指代前面的句子。

段落中1-6是对前面提到的cohension的很好呈现，你都能看的出来吗？比如⑤This就是指代前面句子中的观点。

4. this/these + summary phrase (用单词或短语对上一句话进行概括)

还是刚刚那篇文章，下面是开头段▼

A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. One possible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.

（1）this worrying trend 就替代了前面的declining level of health.......,

（2）其次，第二句话的solution跟前面的problem也是很好的对应。

（3）这篇文章接下来的段落一开头又用了this指代上一段的to provide more sports facilities Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time.

有没有发现，这些考官范文就是牛逼！

5. using synonyms（同义词替换）这个是最好理解的，纯粹的考查词汇量。比如下面这个官方范例中就用celebrities 代替了famous people. ▼

记住今天的这5个知识点了吗？对于提升文章的cohesion还有两个适用的妙招呢，下次给大家分享。