GRE填空做题的一个关键是要识别出出题者给的逻辑词,明白前后信息之间的关系。but 算一个常出现但有时候又让人迷惑的逻辑词。常出现是因为ETS很爱出转折句,常用but来表达转折;让人迷惑是因为but除了转折以外还有别的用法,冷不丁出现会容易弄错。
1. 首先是常见的表转折
Our mass media are much more fascinated by bad ideas or the failure of good ones than by successes: we drown in bad news-tales of how things went wrong-but we have only the most _______ discussion on how they might go right.
- incisive
- tantalizing
- trenchant
- cursory
- illusory
- perfunctory
空格要填两个等价词,表示我们现在的讨论是怎样的,前面相关的信息是fascinated by和drown in就是很关心,很多。两个部分的关系是but转折,所以后面相应就可能是反过来的,比较少,所以选cursory和perfunctory。
2. 其次是否定
anything but 除了后面概念以外的任何东西。but在这里就是否定的意思。
Although the arguments about legal ethics explored in Markovits' study are well-trodden territory, the book itself is anything but _________.
- stale
- banal
- abstruse
- pretentious
- obsolete
- obscure
首先前后是although转折关系,前面是说这个领域well-trodden被踩踏程度很深,就是研究得很透彻,没什么新鲜玩意儿的意思。转折后面就应该反过来说可能还是有些新鲜玩意儿的,anything but是否定,所以空格要填一个跟新鲜相反的,也就是又绕回来要跟well-trodden一样的词。
虽然论证well-trodden,但这本书本身不是well-trodden。就可能讨论的观点不新鲜,但论证方式之类的会比较有新意。
nothing but 除了后面概念以外啥也没有,也就是只有后面的概念。
Brennan's (i)____ is being blamed for damaging the company's reputation. Her lawyers, however, say that she does not lie and that she's been nothing but (ii)____ from the beginning.
Blank (i) arrogance incompetence prevarication
Blank (ii) forthcoming deceitful gregarious
这个题有一个比较快的做法,前后三个信息中只有中间说不撒谎的表达是完整的,可以构成做题的起点。答案可能会跟撒不撒谎有关,相关的答案也只有prevarication(搪塞,to deviate from the truth,就是不正面回答问题,不说实话)和forthcoming或者deceitful。第二空所在的部分跟我们的做题起点是and并列句的关系,所以应该说差不多的意思,所以也要说不撒谎,后面的nothing but是说除了第二空那个特征以外啥也不是,也就是“只有/只是”,所以第二空要把“不撒谎”整体都填进去,所以选forthcoming,就是说这个人从一开始就很实在,很乐于提供信息。如果改成anything but就应该选deceitful。
all but 理解为除了后面概念以外的所有,但在不同语境下有看起来不同的意思。
He was a man of few words, laconic around all but his closest friends.比如这里是说他话少,除了在最好朋友之外,面对其他所有人都沉默寡言。
除了后面的所有,也可以理解为就只差后面那一点点了,也就是几乎的意思。
He was one of the most powerful chess players ever and one of the most enigmatic: at the height of his fame he all but dropped out of chess, entering into a self-imposed exile.
冒号前面说这个人很迷,后面解释迷在哪里,就是在人生巅峰,除了退出以外,什么都做了,其实就是几乎退出的意思。
阅读里面也有一个这样的结构。
This government propaganda, according to this view, made it all but impossible for the workers to frame their conflicts with management as a class struggle, depriving their job actions of a potential source of ideological legitimacy.
根据前面的看法,政府的宣传使得工人几乎不可能把他们跟管理层的纷争塑造为阶级斗争,这样剥夺了他们行动潜在的思想正当性来源。
3. 最后是有可能表达递进。
but会有递进,一般是因为not only but also里also被省略了。
Consuming 25 to 35 percent of their body weight each day, sea otters are not only _____ but highly specialized eaters, organizing themselves into groups that zero in on specific kinds of prey.
- prodigious
- undiscriminating
- fastidious
- picky
- voracious
- omnivorous
因为是not only but also的关系,就不能选undiscriminating和omnivorous,否则就是他不止“不挑食”,更“挑食”,这要很深刻很会劝自己的人才能接受这样的表达了。
也不能选picky和fastidious,否则就变成不止“挑剔”,更“挑剔”。
所以只能选prodigious和voracious。而且正好not only部分跟前面的吃自己体重25%到35%表现吃得多有对应,but部分的specialized跟后面的specific有对应。