Hello大家好，有句老话讲得妙，“Cases写得好，辩论没烦恼。”
- “辩论还需要提前写好稿子？”
- “对的！你看到的每一场辩论里辩手们的发挥，都是他们赛前辛苦准备的结果。”
特别是针对公共论坛式辩论这一形式，每一位想要取得一个不错的成绩的选手，都会在赛前准备好Constructive Speech（立论发言）。
老师也经常听到有辩论新手问自己的辩论教练，甚至打了无数场的辩论大神也想知道，该如何去完善自己的辩论稿，做到无懈可击~ //
那，如何写一篇优秀的辩论稿呢？
为了满足同学们的需求，老师特意分享给大家一篇如何写辩论稿的干货文章，相信大家看完之后肯定会对如何写辩论稿有新的心得和领悟！?
首先，ConstructiveSpeech里选手阅读的稿子被称为Cases。而Case是什么？它具体需要包含哪些内容和在一场辩论中起到了哪些作用。
Case是一篇辩手自己准备的辩论稿，辩手应在立论发言中朗读。
Cases的写作会涉及到逻辑结构、研究和叙事的技能。
公共论坛辩论(Public Forum Debate)中立论发言(Constructive Speech)时间为4分钟，因此我们需要为正方(Pro Side)和反方(Con Side)就每个辩题（Resolution）写一篇4分钟的演讲。这4分钟的演讲就是你的Case：一篇精心研究的辩论稿和对你所持方的 "推销"，以说服裁判(Judge) 你的团队是更正确的，因此值得裁判手里的这张选票（Ballot）。
每份Case通常将包括1-4个论点 (Contentions)，每个论点需要有足够的证据(Evidences)来支撑。单一的论点可以更为深入地关注一个关键问题，而更多的论点则会给辩手带来更大的灵活性和广泛性。这两种策略都经常被PF辩手们使用。
Case的存在是极为重要的，它的主要目的如下：
- 确立你在这一轮的进攻要点.
- 辩手并不需要专注于回应你的对手--这将在反驳中发生。
- 辩手需提出贯穿整个回合的核心论点，即你将用来建立你的进攻的论点。
The purpose of a case is always the same:
- to establish your points of offense for the round.
- In a case, you aren’t focused on responding to your opponent – this will happen in rebuttals.
- Instead, the purpose is to make your core points that you’ll carry through the entire round, the points that you will use to establish your offense.
? 写辩论稿要做哪些前期准备？✚●○
01、正反双方都需要准备
就拿WSDA来说，每一场辩论前都会有一个辩论主题，通常被称为Resolution。
比如我们此赛季的辩题为Resolved: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans. 地球中间层以外的空间探索比地球海洋探索更可取。
可能在看到这个辩题时，你和你的搭档已经有了一个正反的立场。
但是，WSDA比赛独特的地方在于：在每场比赛开始前，会有一个抛硬币的环节。双方选手选择硬币正反面，猜中的一方有权先行选择比赛的发言顺序或辩论立场。
02、请充分搜集辩题相关材料
正因为抛硬币的随机性，所以，赛前，你们要抛开偏见，花时间充分了解、准备辩题的所有方面，这样无论你抽到哪一方都能游刃有余。
✦ 集思广益。
把所有能想到的重要的论点都写下来。如果你有一个辩论团队，可以和其他成员一起进行头脑风暴，讨论各自想到的重要的论点，以便确定每个Speech中要涵盖哪些问题。
✦ 花一些时间在图书馆或互联网上来搜集来源可靠的、强有力的论据。
可以看一些书籍，学术期刊，正规的报纸等，但对互联网上未经证实的的信息要非常谨慎。
✦ 你还需要准备好应对你的对手可能会提出的论点。
准备你的框架时，还要不时去考虑一下你的对手会回答什么样的论点。如果你忽视不去回应对方的最佳论点，这会变相削弱你自己论点的说服力。
03、去把框架列出来
经过前期的资料搜集，你已经心里面已经有了一个模糊的框架。
这时，不要犹豫，坐下来去把框架列出来。当你将思路落到笔端的时候，你的思路结构可能会更清晰。
✦ 一个基本的辩论大纲应该包含六个部分：一个能吸引人注意的点、你的立场（Pro或Con）/对辩题的重述、你的定义、你的价值、(批评判断的)标准和论点。
✦ 你可以将这六个部分的每一部分再拆分成小的子类别。
记得要重点关注价值和(批评判断的)标准怎么来支撑你的论点，最好是最后再写论点。
如何着手去写一篇辩论稿✚●○
01、写一篇引人入胜且有趣的引言
✦ 你应该通过正式的称呼向裁判或听众发表讲话。例如，“早上好，女士们，先生们。”辩论的语气非常正式。
✦ 给裁判留下良好的第一印象非常重要。
写引言的一种技巧是将主题置于真实语境中，特别是与现实世界事件有关联的最吸引人。而好的印象，也会让裁判认为这个辩手具有说服力。
✦ 引言还可以聚焦于有代表性的例子、引用典故或个人轶事上，这些可以帮助你与观众和裁判建立融洽关系。
需要提醒注意的是：谨慎使用幽默，它有一定的风险。如果做得不恰当，可能导致尴尬的沉默。
02、清晰地概述你的立场
不要让观众或裁判对你所持的立场感到困惑。你是正方还是反方？要清晰、简洁、坚定地大声说出来。
✦ 不要混淆你的立场。无论你是正方还是反方，都需要非常清楚地表明自己的立场。
✦ 要尽早并清晰地表明己方的观点，不要让观众等到最后才发现你的立场。
03、准备一些重要的论点来支持你的立场
如果你希望在辩论的开头有力地强调你重要的论点，你可以快速举例，堆积论据来支持你的立场。
✦ 一个好的做法就是用3-4个有力的论点来支撑你的立场。
✦ 演讲的主体: 重要的论点及他们的展开，应该是一场辩论中最长的部分。
04、对你的论点进行展开
每一个论点都可以由三部分组成：
Claim（论点想要阐述的内容是什么）
Warrant （具体的理由，逻辑和证据来支持此论点）
Impact （这个论点可以带来哪些影响）
我们通过这样的结构，可以让裁判很清晰地理解在辩论中的论点都是哪些，和用了什么样的逻辑支持，和带来哪些影响，这样的论点是很直接且条理清晰的。
在一场辩论中，让裁判可以及时get到论点是极为重要的。
如果你想证明你的论点是真实可靠的，你可以通过示例、统计数据和其他的论据来支持、充实论点。
✦ 关注问题的起因、问题所带来的影响、专家的观点、实例和统计数据，并提出解决方案。
尝试使用视觉图像，而不仅仅是通用术语 ——展示给观众看不要直接告诉他们结论，并用细节举例说明你的论点。
✦ 用轻微的共鸣方式来激发观众的积极性和情感。呼吁他们的公平竞争意识、节省意识，帮助弱小的意识、关心社区等。
✦ 尝试使用一些修辞手法。
反问句，让对手考虑他们观点的有效性;
反语，可以削弱对手的论点，使你看起来更加成熟和聪明;
明喻，可以让观众把论点与实际事物联系起来;
幽默，当你做得恰当的时候会让观众站在你这边;
重复，加强你的论点。
05、了解说服的艺术
古代哲学家曾经研究过说服的艺术，了解他们的研究成果将有助于你的辩论。
亚里士多德认为，如果他们将标签（通过推理说服）和感染力（具有情感共鸣的元素）和精神（基于说话者性格的吸引力）结合在一起，说话者将更有说服力。
有两种方法可以使用逻辑：
1、归纳法。这使得案例具有可衡量的证据，如统计或特定的轶事或例子。
2、演绎法。通过概述与特定主题相关的一般原则来推断结论它，比如：我反对所有的战争，除了那些涉及迫在眉睫的自卫的战争；但这不是一场自卫的战争，这就是为什么我反对的原因。
要谨慎使用感染力。通过推理来说服才应该是核心，但没有任何情感共鸣的逻辑推理是干燥和无聊的。
仔细考虑你想让观众感受到的东西。解释一个主题如何影响真实的人是一个很好的使用感染力的方法。
如何总结你的辩论✚●○
01、写一个有力的结论
在辩论赛的最后，你应该重申你对这个主题的立场，以巩固你的论点。最好是呼吁采取行动来总结你的意图。
✦ 结束辩论的一个有力方法是通过回顾引言并将结尾与开头联系起来。
✦ 引用典故也是结束演讲的好方法。你还可以简要总结一下辩论的主要论点，以确保他们在裁判心目中保持新鲜感。
02、从头到尾都要注意自己的演讲方式
一位优秀的演讲者会很注意自己的演讲方式。
发言者要注意如何断句停顿，并注意变换语气（坚定，温和等）。
切记：不要逐字读你的辩论稿。
你可以在辩论稿上做一些标记（哪里断句停顿、哪里是什么语气等），但它需要听起来自然而不是排练了很多次。
使用清晰、响亮的声音，注意说话的节奏。不能说得太大声或太慢。
老师最后要提醒你的是：自信对增强自身说服力大有帮助。相信你们都棒棒哒！
最后的最后，老师给大家秋季赛比赛辩题，正反双方的Sample Cases以供参考。
这份正方的Case中，详细论述了太空探索可以直接带来的好处和优势。随着太空探索而来的科技发展；提高国家的形象；探索更多资源；和建立太空殖民地。
而反方的的Sample Case将论点聚焦在海洋探索可以为社会，经济带来哪些直接的优势，对海洋探索的现实需求，和为什么太空探索在目前不被需要。
Sample Pro CaseSpace Exploration
We affirm the resolution. Resolved: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans.
Observation: The whole discussion should be predicated on the premise that every stakeholder in this debate has the financial, scientific, and technical capacity to carry out a space/ocean program because the topic framers want to make this debate tangible and instructional. It would be pointless to discuss stakeholders who do not now possess these capacities.
Definition: according to Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia（1）, space exploration is defined as the investigation of physical conditions in space and on stars, planets, and other celestial bodies through the use of artificial satellites.
A cost-benefit analysis would be an ideal framework for today’s debate.
For my opponents to win this debate, they have to prove it. After taking into account both short-term and long-term, the net benefits of ocean exploration outweigh the corresponding figures of space by quantifiable impacts.
By contrast, if we can prove that space exploration generates a larger net benefit and that space exploration is the only possibility of prolonging the existence of life that originated from Earth by colonizing another planet when the Earth runs out of resources or becomes too polluted to sustain life. Judge, you should feel more comfortable with voting for the Pro side.
Contention 1. Technology benefits
Space exploration spurs growth by generating spin-off technology.
The AirinSpace’s Plasmer bioprotection system, for instance is a three-stage system that uses strong electrical fields and cold-plasma chambers to eliminate micro-organisms in the air. It can be used to protect hospital patients, food, and pharmaceutical products.
This is true because overcoming the challenges of working in space has led to many technological and scientific advances that have provided benefits to society on Earth in areas including health and medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, energy and environment, information technology, and industrial productivity, which further translate into increases in revenue, economic growth, employment, etc.
A: Health Impact - According to ESA, AirinSpace alone has now been used in more than 70 medical centers in France, as well as in some places in the USA, Japan, Germany, and Italy. AirinSpace currently has a 1.2bn EUR global annual sales market and a 50% yearly growth.[ESA Space spin-offs benefits for the health sector, International Space University, France]
B: Financial Impact - In 2012, 1600 new technologies were reported and 2200 tech transfer transactions were reported in NASA per spinoff can be translated into $1M gain annually, which equals in total a yearly profit of 200bn dollars. As the fiscal year budget of NASA is around 18 billion, it implies for every dollar earmarked for NASA, the government gets 11 dollars in return.[NASA Socio-economic Impact Report]（2）
Contention 2. National Images.
The free market always has its weaknesses and uncertainties, only authorized government-supported agencies have the ability to set a fixed global agenda, and maintain a country’s competitiveness in space.
While ocean exploration is generally an untouched area, space has become the center of global competition since the space race and has great strategic implications.
China launched （3）its second lunar rover in 2013, a sample return mission thereafter,India launched （4） its second lunar probe in 2013 and has announced plans to begin training its own astronauts and building the infrastructure for human spaceflight. These countries will demonstrate a constancy and reliability that NASA’s change, of course, will take away from the United States.
Contention 3. Resource Extraction
Resources on Earth are finite, and we WILL run out of them sooner or later. Here are two resources that are plentiful in the solar system yet difficult to get by on Earth. There are some extremely valuable resources that are near the Earth.
Sub-point a. energy resources.
Space exploration helps to locate unlimited energy resources
The world’s conventional energy was depleting and predicted to run out in the next 40-60 years. Space exploration advances our knowledge and helps us locate the ideal location and method to extract space energy. Space Solar Power gathers energy from sunlight in space and transmits it wirelessly to Earth. While earth-based solar power is affected by the day-night cycle and seasonal and weather fluctuation, space solar power can provide large quantities of energy to each and every person on Earth with very little environmental impact.
According to National Space Society in US（5）, the solar energy available in space is literally billions of times greater than we use today. The lifetime of the sun is an estimated 4-5 billion years, making space solar power a truly long-term energy solution. As Earth receives only one part in 2.3 billion of the Sun's output, space solar power is by far the largest potential energy source available, dwarfing all others combined.
According to the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) （6）in 2011, space-based solar technologies now in development in the lab will be ready for demonstration within the next decade or two and could be an economically viable alternative to commercial energy use in 30 years. In fact, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, is “going forward on their plan with a full system ready by 2030.
Because it does not need reliance on unreliable or unfriendly foreign oil providers to satisfy energy demands, space solar power will promote energy independence and increase security for the countries that develop it, allowing us to allocate resources in other ways.
Subpoint b. Helium - 3 (He3)
While Helium has two neutrons, Helium-3 has two protons and a neutron. While it is almost nonexistent on planet Earth, it is quite abundant in the solar system in not only the gas giants but also the Earth's moon, which is the most likely place for extraction.
Due to its rarity, it can go for as much as $2,000 USD (13,000RMB) in auctions. He3 is currently used for a variety of reasons, but the most promising use of He3 is in nuclear energy. Currently, uranium is used, which not ideal due to the radioactivity of uranium. On the other hand, He3 is not radioactive and is 20% more effective than coal and natural gas energy. Best of all, it burns clean, with the only byproduct being plain helium. The potential value of he3 could be in the TRILLIONS if it is implemented.
Contention 4. Colonization
With huge advances in medicine and rapid industrialization of the Earth's nations, people are living longer, having healthier babies, and consuming more products and energy.
As a result, the Earth is becoming crowded and there is an increasing burden on the limited resources on Earth. As mentioned above, a moon base could lead to a full-scale mining operation of Helium-3 and other resources on the moon that is rare on Earth. With the recent discovery of water on Mars, it could be a possible place where we could relocate, along with Titan, a moon of Saturn which has an atmosphere and geography similar to Earth.
John Hickman（7）, in November 1999 claims that After several decades of experience with lunar and planetary exploration, it is reasonable to project that using robots in space will be more cost-effective than using people in space for the same tasks. The relative cost-effectiveness of using robots over humans in space is a function of the accelerating speed of machine computation, now commonly believed to double every 18 to 24 months, and the lower costs of protecting and maintaining machinery over living flesh in space.
Thus, we affirm.
Reference
1. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Space+Exploration (Space Exploration | Article About Space Exploration by the Free Dictionary, n.d.)
2. https://brycetech.com/reports/report-documents/NASA_SEINSI_2013.pdf
3. S. (2013, December 14). China Lands On The Moon: Historic Robotic Lunar Landing Includes 1st Chinese Rover from https://www.space.com/23968-china-moon-rover-historic-lunar-landing.html
4. Foust, J. (2020, January 1). India confirms plans for second lunar lander mission - SpaceNews. SpaceNews, from https://spacenews.com/india-confirms-plans-for-second-lunar-lander-mission/
5. Space Solar Power Info: Limitless clean energy from space - National Space Society. (2017, August 11). National Space Society - Working to Create a Spacefaring Civilization, from https://space.nss.org/space-solar-power-info/
6. Beam It Down: A Drive to Launch Solar Power From Space. (2011, December 5). Environment, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/111205-solar-power-from-space
7. The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects by John Hickman, Ph.D. (n.d.). The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects by John Hickman, Ph.D., from http://jetpress.org/volume4/space.htm
Sample Con CaseOcean Exploration
We negate the resolution: Exploration of space beyond the Earth's mesosphere is preferable to exploration of Earth's oceans.
Framework: Cost-benefit analysis should be applied in today’s debate. Whichever team proves they have more benefits than harms overall to society, should win the debate.
Contention 1: Necessity
Exploration of oceans can bring many general benefits.
Sub Point A: Economy
According to OECD, ocean exploration can provide critical ecosystem services, the ocean is vital to the world’s economy, with more than 90% of trade using sea routes and as a source of jobs for millions of people.
The ocean is also the stage for a growing range of new ocean-related economic activities and constant innovations. Comparing to space exploration, space exploration can only boost a few jobs for highly specialized technicians in certain nations, and only people with the citizenship are able to have the job.
Moreover, the ocean economy is defined by the OECD as the sum of the economic activities of ocean-based industries, together with the assets, goods and services provided by marine ecosystems. These two pillars are interdependent, in that much activity associated with ocean-based industry is derived from marine ecosystems, while industrial activity often impacts marine ecosystems.
Also, based on OECD data, ocean exploration can providing critical ecosystem services, the ocean is vital to the world’s economy, with more than 90% of trade using sea routes and as a source of jobs for millions of people. The ocean is also the stage for a growing range of new ocean-related economic activities and constant innovations. Thus, ocean exploration enables humanity to have massive economic benefits.
Sub Point B: Society
According to national geographic society, Ocean currents, including the ocean conveyor belt, play a key role in determining how the ocean distributes heat energy throughout the planet, thereby regulating and stabilizing climate patterns.
UNSTAD also addressed the fact that ocean exploration enables almost all nations to gain economic benefits via sustainable tourism, sustainable marine sources, ocean food and livelihood.
Also, human life can be saved by ocean exploration by preventing common and preventable natural disasters. According to the office of ocean exploration and research under NOAA, ocean exploration can help people understand how we are affecting and being affected by changes in Earth's environment, including changes in weather and climate. Insights from ocean exploration can help us better understand and respond to earthquakes, tsunamis, and other hazards.
Contention 2: Realistic demand
Ocean exploration has a realistic demand, and the technology is sophisticated enough to sustain ocean exploration.
According to NOAA and Shenzhen Aquarobotman Science Technology, the human understanding of the deep sea is not as good as that of moon surface, or even Mars. As so far, more than 400 space explorers have been to space, 12 of whom walked on the moon, but only 3 deep sea explorers have dove into the bottom of the Mariana trench. Underwater ecosystem is a part of earth’s ecosystem, and it has a major influence on the earth’s ecosystem. The world economic forum reported that the incredible ocean biodiversity contributed a lot on preserving the ecosystem on earth, as well as the ocean ecosystem provide 50% of the O2 for the earth. It is very crucial to explore and protect it.
Our technology is sophisticated enough to sustain ocean exploration. NASA has been exploring oceans from space for many years. In 1978, NASA sent its first civilian oceanographic satellite into space. That means humanity can do ocean exploration, and many “space activities” are to explore the ocean instead of space. Moreover, examples given by NOAA, water column samplers and buoys are used by researchers and oceanographers to explore oceans, monitor their surface and quality of water. Other devices like remote-operated vehicles and sonar help them create ocean mapping and travel efficiently and safely deep within the oceans. Diving is another tool that is used to explore ocean waters.
Contention 3: Unnecessary space exploration
Significant achievements in space exploration didn’t bring benefits to society.
According to NASA, the most significant achievement in space exploration is Apollo 11, a Walk on the Moon. This achievement only generated a space race and conspiracy theories. BBC news also gave the top 10 most crucial events of space activities, which all related to astronauts surviving from short-term space travel.
We don’t deny it is possible to find new energy or resources, but the reality is the technology and cost associated will not make resource extraction from space viable in at best 50 years.
We prefer ocean exploration. Also, ocean exploration is less likely to be a monopoly because everyone on earth can access the ocean's resources. Compared to space regulation where the startup costs associated makes it so only the already wealthiest 1% of the 1% can afford to invest in space.
Thus, we negate.
Reference of the Sample Con Case
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/backmatter/whatisexploration.html
https://aquarobotman.com/blogs/deep-ocean-exploration/benefits-deep-sea-exploration
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/deep-ocean-exploration.htm
https://www.oecd.org/ocean/topics/ocean-economy/
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ocean-currents
https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/why-we-need-to-explore-more-of-the-ocean/
https://science.howstuffworks.com/ten-nasa-achievements.htm
这就是我们今天的Pro Con Case和 Constructive Speech的全部内容啦，希望可以带给大家更多的思路和方向，我们下期再见?。
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