你是否好奇,在世界的另一角,人们正热议着怎样的话题?外刊精读,为你开启这扇互动之门。我们将深入外刊的字里行间,探寻那些隐藏在文字背后的国际奥秘。每一个段落都可能是一次思维的碰撞,每一个观点都能引发热烈的讨论。在精读外刊的过程中,分享见解,提出疑问,共同构建一个充满活力的知识交流空间,使世界的精彩在我们的互动中更加鲜活生动。
今天选择的是经济学人最新一期中,关于“欧洲政治现状”的一篇文章。
首先,通读全文,了解文章大概意思:
欧洲政治现状混乱,法国立法选举、德国州选举、匈牙利总理问题以及多国联合政府、比利时组阁等情况皆是例证。不过,欧盟委员会凭借技术官僚治理方式在布鲁塞尔持续有效运作,且影响外扩,遇国家政治僵局时会引入 “专家”。
欧盟从贸易俱乐部向类政府机构转变,成员国权力转移,官员借危机处理积累影响力,促使技术官僚兴起。马里奥・德拉吉的复兴欧盟经济报告虽或有合理建议,但因不虑选民反应,引发对欧盟决策问责制质疑,且报告发布时机不佳,加之外有庞大官僚机构制定规则少顾民意,凸显监督不足问题。
在国家层面,政党格局变化致政治僵局,意大利、荷兰等国靠技术官僚破局,法国也有相关考量。但要明确,技术官僚虽能解僵局,可政治决策需平衡专家建议与选举现实,应让民主保持活力,技术官僚作辅助。
然后,我们进行逐段精读,标记重点词汇和长难句,进行语法分析:
看看当今欧洲的政治状况,一幅混乱的拼贴画便浮现出来。法国在立法选举后,由于没有一个政党取得决定性胜利,已经陷入看守政府状态长达两个月。在德国,极右翼势力在9月1日的一系列州选举中名列前茅;其联邦总理奥拉夫·朔尔茨似乎注定在明年此时的全国大选中落败。关于匈牙利及其强势总理维克多·欧尔班,最好还是少说为妙。
从西班牙到荷兰,由几乎没有共同点的政党组成的联盟维持着微弱多数的政府执政。然后是比利时,这个国家的政客们在组建政府之前通常要讨价还价一年或更久(目前计数:88天)。民主的部分魅力在于它是混乱的,但欧洲已将这种混乱提升到了一种高超的艺术境界。
词汇解释
1. collage of pandemonium:混乱的拼贴画。“collage”原意为拼贴画,这里用来比喻欧洲政治呈现出的各种混乱元素交织的状态;“pandemonium”表示喧嚣、混乱的场面。
2. caretaker government:看守政府,在政府换届或政治过渡时期暂时行使权力,维持日常运作,等待新政府组建的政府形式。
3. legislative elections:立法选举,决定立法机构成员组成的选举。
4. hard right:极右翼,政治立场中较为极端保守、倾向于民族主义等的派别。
5. federal chancellor:联邦总理,联邦制国家的政府首脑。
6. coalitions:联盟,多个政党或团体为了共同目标联合起来形成的政治合作组织。
7. tenuous majorities:微弱多数,指在选举或决策中仅以较小优势获得多数地位。
8. haggle:讨价还价,指为达成协议而进行的争论、协商,尤指在价格、条件等方面。
语法分析
整段话由多个句子组成,描述了欧洲多个国家的政治情况。
1. “France has been stuck with a caretaker government for two months following legislative elections which no party won decisively.”
“which no party won decisively”是定语从句,修饰“legislative elections”,说明选举的结果是没有政党取得决定性胜利,导致法国陷入看守政府状态。
3. “In Germany the hard right came top in one set of state elections on September ist; its federal chancellor, Olaf Scholz,seems destined for defeat in a nationwide ballot this time next year.”
这是两个并列句,前一句描述德国极右翼在州选举中的表现,后一句则对德国总理奥拉夫·朔尔茨在明年全国大选的前景进行预测。
4. “Coalitions formed by parties with little in common keep governments with tenuous majorities in power, from Spain to the Netherlands.”
“formed by parties with little in common”是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰“Coalitions”,表示这些联盟是由几乎没有共同点的政党组成的。
5. “And then there is Belgium, a country where politicians ritually haggle for a year or more before forming a government (current count:88 days).”
“where politicians ritually haggle for a year or more before forming a government”是定语从句,修饰“Belgium”,描述比利时政客组建政府的艰难过程。
6. “Part of the charm of democracy is that it is messy, but Europe has elevated the chaos to high art.”
这是一个由转折连词“but”连接的并列句,前一句说明民主的特点之一是混乱,后一句则强调欧洲将这种混乱提升到了一种极致的状态。
即使在选民引发的动荡之中,在北欧一个阴雨的角落,欧洲大陆的部分政府机器仍在持续运转。一份由27名欧洲专员组成的新名单目前正在布鲁塞尔组建,预计未来几天将分配新的任务。
从移民政策到贸易,从监管大型科技公司、加强欧洲防务、监督国家财政、制定绿色规则等等,欧盟这个庞大的执行机构几乎涵盖了欧盟生活的方方面面。它所青睐的技术官僚方法回避了民主问责制的问题。
但这种方法非常有效,以至于“把事情交给专家”的治理方式已经在布鲁塞尔以外流行起来。当政客们无法组建国家政府时,有时会转而求助于外部“专家”。对于那些只想把事情办成而不顾选民意见的人来说,技术官僚主义的诱惑就像塞壬的歌声。
词汇解释
1. amid:在……之中,在……过程中。
2. tumult:骚乱,混乱,喧闹。
3. roster:名单,花名册。
4. commissioner:专员,委员。
5. dole out:发放,分配(尤指少量地)。
6. bolster:加强,支持。
7. behemoth:巨兽,庞然大物,这里指欧盟这个庞大的机构。
8. technocratic:技术官僚的。
9. skirt:回避,避开。
10. democratic accountability:民主问责制。
11. catch on:流行起来,受欢迎。
12. siren call:塞壬的歌声(常用来比喻诱人但危险的事物)。
语法分析
1. “Even amid the voter-induced tumult, in a rainy corner of northern Europe a bit of the continent's government machine keeps churning.”
这是一个简单句,“Even amid the voter-induced tumult”为让步状语,“in a rainy corner of northern Europe”为地点状语,“a bit of the continent's government machine”为主语,“keeps churning”为谓语。
2. “A new roster of 27 European commissioners is currently being assembled in Brussels, with new assignments expected to be doled out in coming days.”
句子的主体部分是“A new roster of 27 European commissioners is currently being assembled in Brussels”,使用了现在进行时的被动语态,表示新名单正在被组建;“with new assignments expected to be doled out in coming days”是with复合结构,作伴随状语,其中“new assignments”是宾语,“expected to be doled out in coming days”是宾语补足语。
3. “From migration policy to trade, regulating big tech, bolstering European defence, monitoring national finances, devising green rules and much more besides, few facets of life in the bloc are beyond the scope of the European Union's executive behemoth.”
“From migration policy to trade, regulating big tech, bolstering European defence, monitoring national finances, devising green rules and much more besides”是列举短语,作状语,说明欧盟事务的范围;“few facets of life in the bloc are beyond the scope of the European Union's executive behemoth”是句子的主干,其中“few facets of life in the bloc”为主语,“are beyond the scope of”为谓语,“the European Union's executive behemoth”为宾语。
4. “The technocratic approach it favours skirts questions around democratic accountability.”
“it favours”是省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句,修饰“approach”,句子的主语是“The technocratic approach”,谓语是“skirts”,宾语是“questions around democratic accountability”。
5. “But it has been so effective that the leave-it-to-the-experts method to governing has caught on beyond Brussels.”
这是一个结果状语从句,“so...that...”结构表示“如此……以至于……”,“it has been so effective”是主句,“that the leave-it-to-the-experts method to governing has caught on beyond Brussels”是结果状语从句,其中“the leave-it-to-the-experts method to governing”是从句的主语,“has caught on”是谓语,“beyond Brussels”是地点状语。
6. “When politicians fail to form national governments, outside "experts" are sometimes called upon instead.”
这是一个时间状语从句,“When politicians fail to form national governments”是从句,说明时间条件,“outside "experts" are sometimes called upon instead”是主句,使用了被动语态,表示外部专家被召唤。
7. “The temptations of technocracy are like a siren call for those who just want to get things done, voters be damned.”
“The temptations of technocracy are like a siren call for those”是句子的主干,“who just want to get things done”是定语从句,修饰“those”,“voters be damned”是独立主格结构,作伴随状语,表示一种不顾选民的态度。
欧洲技术官僚的崛起在很大程度上归因于“权限”的转移——用一点布鲁塞尔行话来说,就是从其27个成员国向欧盟的转移。欧盟曾经只是一个煤炭和钢铁贸易俱乐部,如今已在实际上演变成了一个政府,只差名义而已。通常这并非坏事,例如,二十几个相邻的中等规模国家各自设定脱碳目标是荒谬的。
随着欧洲应对一系列危机,从新冠疫情到乌克兰战争,布鲁塞尔的官员们积累了更多影响力。越来越多的欧盟预算份额被分配给那些满足欧盟官员所设定条件的国家,无论是改革法院还是劳动法。例如,从理论上讲(即便在实践中并非总是如此),欧盟的规则限制了各国政府无节制地运行预算赤字的自然欲望。
词汇解释
1. march:在这里表示前进、发展的趋势,可理解为“崛起”“推进”。
2. down to:可理解为“归因于”“由于”。
3. drift:漂移、转移,此处指权力、职能等方面的转移。
4. patois:方言、行话,这里指布鲁塞尔的特定用语或表达方式。
5. morph into:转变为、变成。
6. a slew of:大量的、一系列的。
7. mandarin:原意为中国清朝的官员,在这里指欧洲(布鲁塞尔)的官员,带有一定的官僚色彩。
8. amass:积累,积聚。
9. swathe:一长条(土地、地区等);在这里“a growing swathe of”表示“越来越多的(份额等)”。
10. dole out:发放,分发(尤指少量地或吝啬地)。
11. Eurocrat:欧盟官员(尤指被认为官僚且脱离民众的官员)。
12. constrain:限制,约束。
13. bottomless:无底的,无尽的;在这里“bottomless budget deficits”表示“无节制的预算赤字”。
语法分析
1. “The march of the European technocrats is in large part down to the drift of "competences" - to use a bit of Brussels patois from its 27 member states towards the EU.”
这是一个主系表结构的句子。主语是“The march of the European technocrats”(欧洲技术官僚的崛起),系动词是“is”,表语是“down to the drift of "competences"”(归因于“权限”的转移),破折号后面的“to use a bit of Brussels patois from its 27 member states towards the EU”是对前面“drift of "competences"”的补充说明,解释“权限”转移的方向(从成员国向欧盟)。
2. “Once a coal-and-steel trading club, it has morphed into a government in all but name.”
这里“Once a coal-and-steel trading club”是一个省略句,完整形式为“Once it was a coal-and-steel trading club”,作时间状语,表示曾经的状态。句子主干是“it has morphed into a government in all but name”,其中“it”指代欧盟,“has morphed into”是谓语动词,表示转变为,“a government in all but name”是宾语,意思是“除了名义上不是,实际上是一个政府”。
3. “Often that is no bad thing, it would be absurd for two dozen midsized neighbouring countries to each have their own decarbonisation targets, for example.”
这是两个句子,用逗号隔开。前一句“Often that is no bad thing”是主系表结构,“that”指代前面欧盟权限转移并演变成类似政府的情况。后一句“it would be absurd for two dozen midsized neighbouring countries to each have their own decarbonisation targets, for example”中,“it”是形式主语,真正的主语是“for two dozen midsized neighbouring countries to each have their own decarbonisation targets”(二十几个相邻中等规模国家各自设定脱碳目标这件事),“would be”是谓语动词,“absurd”是表语,“for example”是插入语,举例说明为什么说这不是坏事。
4. “As Europe has battled a slew of crises, from covid-19 to the war in Ukraine, the mandarins of Brussels”
这是一个复合句,“As Europe has battled a slew of crises, from covid-19 to the war in Ukraine”是时间状语从句,表示随着欧洲应对一系列危机(从新冠到乌克兰战争),“the mandarins of Brussels”是句子的主语部分,但句子不完整,可能后续还有谓语和宾语等内容来描述布鲁塞尔官员在应对危机过程中的作为或情况。
5. “have amassed more influence”是现在完成时态,“have amassed”
这是谓语动词,表示到目前为止已经积累了更多影响力。
6. “A growing swathe of the EU budget is doled out to countries that meet conditions set out by Eurocrats, whether it be reforming courts or labour laws.”
句子的主语是“A growing swathe of the EU budget”(越来越多的欧盟预算份额)。
“is doled out”是谓语动词,使用了被动语态,表示预算被分配。
“to countries that meet conditions set out by Eurocrats”是状语,其中“that meet conditions set out by Eurocrats”是定语从句,修饰“countries”,说明这些国家是满足欧盟官员设定条件的。
“whether it be reforming courts or labour laws”是让步状语从句,“it”指代前面提到的“conditions”,“be”在这里是虚拟语气的用法,表示“无论……还是……”。
3. “In theory, if not in practice, the bloc's rules constrain national governments natural desire to run bottomless budget deficits, for example.”
“In theory, if not in practice”是插入语,表示理论上(即便在实践中不一定如此)。“the bloc's rules”是主语。“constrain”是谓语动词。national governments natural desire to run bottomless budget deficits”是宾语,其中“national governments”是“natural desire”的定语,“to run bottomless budget deficits”是动词不定式作后置定语,修饰“desire”。“for example”是举例说明的标志。
另一轮大量的督促工作正在筹备之中。9月9日,欧洲央行前行长马里奥·德拉吉预计将公布一份关于如何重振欧盟僵化经济的报告。据传这份报告长达400页,它已经被视为各国政府为了继续得到欧盟青睐而必须采取行动的权威性蓝图。毫无疑问,德拉吉先生的报告(其指令将被纳入即将上任的专员们的工作简报中)将充满合理的见解。但是谁来判定是否如此呢?政客们需要担心他们的政策在投票箱中的表现。作为欧盟最新的技术官僚负责人,德拉吉先生并不关心这一点。比如说,对于任何认为他在工业政策未来方向上存在误导的选民来说,那就太不幸了。
词汇解释
1. hefty:在这里表示“大量的”。
2. nagging:唠叨,这里可理解为“督促、不断的要求”。
3. in the works:在筹备中,在进行中。例如:A new project is in the works.(一个新项目正在筹备中。)
4. unveil:揭开,公布。
5. sclerotic:僵化的,硬化的。
6. oracular:神谕的,权威性的。
7. edict:法令,命令。
8. brief:简报,摘要。例如:a work brief(工作简报)。
语法分析
1. “Another hefty dose of nagging is in the works.”
这是一个主系表结构的句子,“Another hefty dose of nagging”(另一轮大量的督促)是主语,表示正在进行的事情;“is”是系动词;“in the works”是表语,表示状态“在筹备中”。
2. “On September 9th Mario Draghi, a former boss of the European Central Bank, is expected to unveil a report on how to revive the bloc's sclerotic economy.”
句子中“On September 9th”是时间状语;“Mario Draghi”是主语;“a former boss of the European Central Bank”是同位语,对主语进行补充说明;“is expected to unveil”是谓语动词,使用了被动语态的一般现在时,表示“被期望公布”;“a report”是宾语;“on how to revive the bloc's sclerotic economy”是后置定语,修饰“report”,说明报告的内容是关于如何重振欧盟僵化经济。
3. “Rumoured to come in at 400 pages, it is already being treated as an oracular blueprint for what governments must do to remain in the EU's good graces.”
“Rumoured to come in at 400 pages”是过去分词短语作状语,“it”指代前面提到的“report”,作主句的主语;“is already being treated as”是谓语动词,使用了现在进行时的被动语态,表示“正在被视为”;“an oracular blueprint”是宾语;“for what governments must do to remain in the EU's good graces”是后置定语,其中“what governments must do”是宾语从句,作“for”的宾语,整个后置定语说明这份蓝图是关于各国政府为了得到欧盟青睐必须做的事情。
4. “No doubt Mr Draghi's report whose edicts will be inserted into the working briefs of incoming commissioners - will be full of good sense.”
“No doubt”是插入语,表示“毫无疑问”;“Mr Draghi's report”是主语;“whose edicts will be inserted into the working briefs of incoming commissioners”是定语从句,修饰“report”,说明报告的指令将被纳入即将上任专员的工作简报中;“will be full of”是谓语动词,表示“将充满”;“good sense”是宾语。
5. “But who decides if that is so?”
这是一个特殊疑问句,“who”是疑问词,作主语;“decides”是谓语动词;“if that is so”是宾语从句,作“decides”的宾语。
6. “Politicians need to worry about how their policies will play at the ballot box.”
句子中“Politicians”是主语;“need to worry about”是谓语动词短语;“how their policies will play at the ballot box”是宾语从句,作“about”的宾语,说明政客们需要担心的是他们的政策在投票箱中的表现。
7. “As the EU's latest technocrat-in-chief, that is of no concern to Mr Draghi.”
这里“As the EU's latest technocrat-in-chief”是原因状语,表示“作为欧盟最新的技术官僚负责人”;“that”指代前面提到的政策在投票箱中的表现等问题;“is of no concern to”是谓语动词短语,表示“对……无关紧要”;“Mr Draghi”是宾语。
8. “Tough luck for any voters who think he is misguided on the future of industrial policy, say.”
这是一个省略句,完整形式可能是“(It is) Tough luck for any voters who think he is misguided on the future of industrial policy, (somebody may) say.”“Tough luck”是名词短语作表语,表示“不幸”;“for any voters”是状语,表示对象;“who think he is misguided on the future of industrial policy”是定语从句,修饰“voters”,说明这些选民认为他在工业政策未来方向上存在误导。“say”是插入语,表示“比如说”。
这份报告的时机很不幸,它主要是在欧洲选举之前准备的,但却在选举之后发布,而其建议在选举中并未成为主要内容。这将使人们更加相信欧盟对选民不负责任的说法。这一点往往被夸大了。一个有720名成员的欧洲议会对专员们进行监督,并将在未来几周对每个职位候选人进行面试(自2019年以来一直领导欧盟委员会的乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩于7月获得议会批准连任)。
各国政府在欧盟机构如何使用其权力方面有很大的发言权,尤其是在决定由谁来领导这些机构方面。但是,那些声称布鲁塞尔是一个无需审查的繁文缛节之源的人也有一定道理。通常影响欧洲人的法规是一个32000人的庞大官僚机构的工作成果,这个机构无需担心公众对其最新举措的看法。
词汇解释
1. timing:时机,时间安排。
2. feature:在这里表示“起重要作用,成为主要内容”。
3. lend credence to:使……更可信,增加对……的信任。例如:The new evidence lends credence to his story.(新证据使他的说法更可信。)
4. unaccountable:不负责任的,无需解释的。例
5. keep tabs on:密切关注,监督。
6. audition:面试,试演。
7. aspirant:有抱负的人,追求者,在这里指职位候选人。
8. fountain of red tape:繁文缛节之源,“red tape”表示繁琐的手续、官僚作风。例如:The government department is often seen as a fountain of red tape.(这个政府部门常被视为繁文缛节的源头。)
9. scrutiny:审查,仔细检查。
10. bureaucracy:官僚机构,官僚作风。
11. fret over:为……烦恼,担心。例如:Don't fret over small details.(不要为小细节烦恼。)
语法分析
1. “The timing of the report, prepared largely before but released just after European elections in which its recommendations did not feature, is unfortunate.”
句子的主语是“The timing of the report”(报告的时机);“prepared largely before but released just after European elections in which its recommendations did not feature”是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰“timing”,其中“prepared largely before”(主要在之前准备)和“released just after European elections”(在欧洲选举之后发布)是并列关系,“in which its recommendations did not feature”是定语从句,修饰“European elections”,说明在选举中报告的建议未起重要作用;“is”是系动词;“unfortunate”是表语。
2. “It will lend credence to claims that the EU is unaccountable to voters.”
“It”指代前面提到的报告发布时机不当这件事;“will lend credence to”是谓语动词短语,表示“将增加对……的信任”;“claims”是宾语;“that the EU is unaccountable to voters”是同位语从句,解释“claims”的内容,说明声称的是欧盟对选民不负责任。
3. “This point is often exaggerated.” 这是一个简单的主系表结构句子,“This point”(这一点)是主语,“is often exaggerated”(经常被夸大)是谓语部分,使用了一般现在时的被动语态。
4. “A 720 - strong European Parliament keeps tabs on commissioners, and will audition each aspirant to the post in coming weeks (Ursula von der Leyen, who has headed the commission since 2019, was approved by the parliament for a second term in July).”
这是一个由“and”连接的并列句。前半句“A 720 - strong European Parliament keeps tabs on commissioners”中,“A 720 - strong European Parliament”(一个有720名成员的欧洲议会)是主语,“keeps tabs on”(密切关注,监督)是谓语动词短语,“commissioners”是宾语;后半句“will audition each aspirant to the post in coming weeks”中,“will audition”(将面试)是谓语动词,“each aspirant to the post”(每个职位候选人)是宾语,“in coming weeks”是时间状语。括号内的内容“(Ursula von der Leyen, who has headed the commission since 2019, was approved by the parliament for a second term in July)”是对前面内容的补充说明,其中“Ursula von der Leyen”是主语,“who has headed the commission since 2019”是定语从句,修饰“Ursula von der Leyen”,“was approved by the parliament for a second term in July”是谓语部分,使用了一般过去时的被动语态,表示乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩在7月获得议会批准连任。
5. “National governments have plenty of say in how the EU institutions use their powers, not least deciding who leads them.”
句子中“National governments”(各国政府)是主语;“have plenty of say in”(在……方面有很大发言权)是谓语动词短语;“how the EU institutions use their powers”是宾语从句,作“in”的宾语;“not least deciding who leads them”是插入语,其中“deciding who leads them”是动名词短语,“who leads them”是宾语从句,作“deciding”的宾语。
6. “But those who claim Brussels is a fountain of red tape beyond scrutiny also have a point.”
“But”是转折连词;“those”(那些人)是主语;“who claim Brussels is a fountain of red tape beyond scrutiny”是定语从句,修饰“those”,其中“claim”(声称)是谓语动词,“Brussels is a fountain of red tape beyond scrutiny”是宾语从句,作“claim”的宾语;“also have a point”(也有一定道理)是谓语部分。
7. “Often the regulations affecting Europeans are the work of a 32,000 - strong bureaucracy that need not fret over what public opinion makes of their latest initiative.”
“Often”(通常)是副词,作状语;“the regulations affecting Europeans”(影响欧洲人的法规)是主语,其中“affecting Europeans”是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰“regulations”;“are the work of”(是……的工作成果)是谓语动词短语;“a 32,000 - strong bureaucracy”(一个32000人的庞大官僚机构)是宾语;“that need not fret over what public opinion makes of their latest initiative”是定语从句,修饰“bureaucracy”,其中“need not fret over”(无需担心)是谓语动词短语,“what public opinion makes of their latest initiative”是宾语从句,作“over”的宾语。
技术官僚主义在国家层面也站稳了脚跟。欧洲政治变得更加混乱。两大政党角逐选举并产生一个明确赢家的日子已经一去不复返了。现在有多达十几个政党,包括绿党、自由党和民族主义政党等。组建联盟所需的妥协变得更加难以达成,尤其是如果极右翼政党在组建联盟时被视为不可接受(而他们常常如此)的话。
在随后的僵局中,在数月的停滞之后,选择一位无争议的专家往往是唯一明显的解决方案。马里奥·德拉吉在2021年被任命为意大利总理,他是自20世纪90年代以来担任该职位的第四位技术官僚。荷兰新首相直到最近还是其司法部的一名公务员,在争吵不休的政客们未能找到一位各方都能接受的名义领袖时,他被提拔到了最高职位。法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙近日据说正在考虑一位不知名的互助保险管理人员担任总理。谁呢?
词汇解释
1. foothold:立足处,稳固的地位。
2. duke out:争斗,较量(尤指为了争夺某物)。
3. compromise:妥协,和解。
4. elusive:难以捉摸的,难以实现的。
5. beyond the pale:越轨的,不可接受的。例如:His behavior is beyond the pale.(他的行为不可接受。)
6. ensuing:接着发生的,随之而来的。
7. deadlock:僵局,僵持不下。例如:The negotiation reached a deadlock.(谈判陷入僵局。)
8. uncontentious:无争议的,没有争端的。
9. stasis:停滞,静止。
10. rope in:说服(某人)参与(某事),拉拢。例如:They roped me in to help with the project.(他们说服我参与这个项目。)
11. figurehead:名义领袖,傀儡领袖。
语法分析
1. “And technocracy has gained a foothold at national level, too.” 这是一个简单句,“technocracy”(技术官僚主义)是主语,“has gained”(已经获得)是谓语动词,现在完成时态,“a foothold”(立足处)是宾语,“at national level”(在国家层面)是地点状语,“too”表示“也”。
2. “European politics has become messier.”
这是一个主系表结构的句子,“European politics”(欧洲政治)是主语,“has become”(已经变得)是系动词,“messier”(更混乱)是表语,比较级形式。
3. “Gone are the days of two big parties duking out elections with one clear winner.”
这是一个倒装句,正常语序为“The days of two big parties duking out elections with one clear winner are gone.”,为了强调“gone”(消失),将其提前,引起句子全部倒装。“the days”(日子)是主语,“of two big parties duking out elections with one clear winner”是后置定语,修饰“days”,其中“duking out elections with one clear winner”是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰“parties”。
4. “Now there are up to a dozen including greens, liberals and nationalists as well.”
这是一个“there be”句型,表示“存在”,“there”是引导词,“are”是谓语动词,“up to a dozen”(多达十几个)是主语,“including greens, liberals and nationalists as well”(包括绿党、自由党和民族主义政党等)是后置定语,补充说明“a dozen”(十几个)所包含的内容。
5. “The compromise required to form alliances is all the more elusive, even more so if parties of the hard right are seen as beyond the pale when it comes to forming coalitions, as they often are.”
句子的主语是“The compromise”(妥协),“required to form alliances”(为组建联盟所需的)是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰“compromise”;“is all the more elusive”(更加难以捉摸)是谓语部分,“all the more”表示“更加”,强调程度;“even more so if parties of the hard right are seen as beyond the pale when it comes to forming coalitions, as they often are”是条件状语从句,其中“if parties of the hard right are seen as beyond the pale when it comes to forming coalitions”是条件状语从句中的条件部分,“parties of the hard right”(极右翼政党)是主语,“are seen as”(被视为)是谓语动词,“beyond the pale”(不可接受)是表语,“when it comes to forming coalitions”(当涉及到组建联盟时)是时间状语从句,“as they often are”(正如他们常常那样)是方式状语从句,补充说明极右翼政党在组建联盟时的通常情况。
6. “In the ensuing deadlock, settling for an uncontentious expert is often the only obvious solution after months of stasis.”
“In the ensuing deadlock”(在随后的僵局中)是地点状语;“settling for an uncontentious expert”(选择一位无争议的专家)是动名词短语作主语,表示一种行为或做法;“is often the only obvious solution”(往往是唯一明显的解决方案)是谓语部分,“often”(常常)是副词,作状语,“the only obvious solution”(唯一明显的解决方案)是表语;“after months of stasis”(在数月的停滞之后)是时间状语。
7. “Mr Draghi was roped in as Italian prime minister in 2021, the fourth technocrat in the job since the 1990s.”
“Mr Draghi”(德拉吉先生)是主语,“was roped in”(被拉拢,被任命)是谓语动词,使用了被动语态,“as Italian prime minister”(作为意大利总理)是方式状语,“in 2021”(在2021年)是时间状语;“the fourth technocrat in the job since the 1990s”(自20世纪90年代以来担任该职位的第四位技术官僚)是同位语,对“Mr Draghi”进行补充说明。
8. “The newish Dutch prime minister was until recently a civil servant in its justice ministry, elevated to the top job when squabbling politicians failed to find a figurehead leader acceptable to all.”
句子的主语是“The newish Dutch prime minister”(荷兰新首相),“was until recently a civil servant in its justice ministry”(直到最近还是其司法部的一名公务员)是谓语部分,其中“until recently”(直到最近)是时间状语,“a civil servant in its justice ministry”(司法部的一名公务员)是表语;“elevated to the top job when squabbling politicians failed to find a figurehead leader acceptable to all”是过去分词短语作状语,其中“elevated to the top job”(被提拔到最高职位)是被动语态,“when squabbling politicians failed to find a figurehead leader acceptable to all”是时间状语从句,“squabbling politicians”(争吵不休的政客们)是主语,“failed to find”(未能找到)是谓语动词,“a figurehead leader acceptable to all”(一位各方都能接受的名义领袖)是宾语。
9. “Emmanuel Macron, France's president, was in recent days said to be considering an unknown mutual-insurance administrator to serve as prime minister. Qui?”
“Emmanuel Macron, France's president”(法国总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙)是主语,“was in recent days said to be considering”(近日据说正在考虑)是谓语部分,使用了被动语态,“an unknown mutual-insurance administrator”(一位不知名的互助保险管理人员)是宾语,“to serve as prime minister”(担任总理)是目的状语;“Qui?”(谁呢?)是一个单独的疑问词,用于询问前面提到的可能担任总理的那个人是谁。
在政客们齐心协力之际,一段短暂的技术官僚插曲或许并非坏事。但政治的关键在于做出决策。在实践中,这意味着有人要在专家建议和选举现实之间进行权衡。正如前欧盟委员会主席让 - 克洛德·容克令人难忘地指出的那样,全世界的政客都知道需要做什么,只是不知道在做了之后如何再次当选。民主国家通过淘汰现任者来保持活力,为可能听取不同类型专家意见的新血液留出空间。技术官僚在运转良好的政体中总会有其一席之地,但应该处于幕后。
词汇解释
1. interlude:插曲,间歇。例如:There was a short interlude of peace before the war started again.(在战争再次爆发前有一段短暂的和平插曲。)
2. get one's act together:齐心协力,有条理地行事。例如:The team needs to get their act together if they want to win.(如果这个团队想赢,就需要齐心协力。)
3. vibrant:充满活力的,生气勃勃的。例如:a vibrant city(充满活力的城市)。
4. kick out:开除,撵走。例如:He was kicked out of the club.(他被俱乐部开除了。)
5. current lot:现任者,当前这批人。例如:The current lot of politicians are facing many challenges.(现任这批政客面临着许多挑战。)
6. new blood:新成员,新生力量。例如:We need some new blood in this organization.(我们这个组织需要一些新成员。)
语法分析
1. “A little technocratic interlude while politicians get their act together may be no bad thing.”
主语是“A little technocratic interlude”(一段短暂的技术官僚插曲),“while politicians get their act together”是时间状语从句,“may be”是谓语动词,“no bad thing”是表语。
2. “But the point of politics is to make decisions.”
“the point of politics”(政治的关键)是主语,“is”是系动词,“to make decisions”(做出决策)是表语,使用了动词不定式作表语,表示目的或内容。
3. “In practice that means someone balancing the advice of experts with electoral realities.”
“that”指代前面提到的“做出决策”这件事,作主语;“means”是谓语动词;“someone balancing the advice of experts with electoral realities”是宾语,其中“balancing the advice of experts with electoral realities”是动名词短语,作“someone”的后置定语,表示某人所做的动作。
4. “As Jean-Claude Juncker, a former commission boss, memorably put it, politicians the world over know what needs to be done, just not how to get re-elected having done it.”
“As Jean-Claude Juncker, a former commission boss, memorably put it”是方式状语从句,其中“Jean-Claude Juncker”是主语,“a former commission boss”是同位语,“put”是谓语动词,“it”是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面“politicians the world over know what needs to be done, just not how to get re-elected having done it”这句话;“politicians the world over know what needs to be done, just not how to get re-elected having done it”是宾语从句,作主句谓语动词“put”的真正宾语,其中“politicians the world over”(全世界的政客)是主语,“know”是谓语动词,“what needs to be done”(需要做什么)和“how to get re-elected having done it”(在做了之后如何再次当选)是并列的宾语从句,作“know”的宾语,“having done it”是现在分词短语作时间状语,修饰“how to get re-elected”。
5. “Democracies stay vibrant by kicking out the current lot, leaving space for new blood who might listen to a different type of expert.”
主语是“Democracies”(民主国家),“stay”是系动词,“vibrant”是表语;“by kicking out the current lot”(通过淘汰现任者)和“leaving space for new blood who might listen to a different type of expert”(为可能听取不同类型专家意见的新血液留出空间)是两个并列的方式状语,其中“leaving space for new blood who might listen to a different type of expert”中“who might listen to a different type of expert”是定语从句,修饰“new blood”。
6. “Technocrats will always have their place in well-functioning polities, but it should be in the background.”
这是一个由“but”连接的并列句。前半句“Technocrats will always have their place in well-functioning polities”中,“Technocrats”(技术官僚)是主语,“will always have”(将总是有)是谓语动词,“their place”(他们的位置)是宾语,“in well-functioning polities”(在运转良好的政体中)是地点状语;后半句“it should be in the background”中,“it”指代“Technocrats' place”(技术官僚的位置),“should be”是谓语动词,“in the background”(在幕后)是表语。