如何破解SAT机考的逻辑题

从今年3月起SAT已经变为机考，机考的一大挑战就是考试时间的把控。尤其是遇到难题的时候，一道题稍微用了过多的时间（比如语法题超过一分半钟甚至两分钟），会影响后面做题效率和正确率。

8月底SAT机考即将到来，在把官方样题和其他样题包括可汗学院题库刷完后，老师认为，决定学生是否取得高分的「逻辑题」和「图表题」升了级难度，本期给大家简单介绍做逻辑题的小方法，希望能在考场上帮助各位同学。

机考SAT逻辑题分以下这么几种：加强题，削弱题，解释题和推理题。

加强题考察学生弥补逻辑缺陷的的能力，削弱题考察学生对于现象，问题，矛盾的自圆其说能力，同时也考察出对于某种解释之外其他的合理的解释。

对于逻辑题的做题流程应该是先读题干，确定题型，了解解题策略，在读文章。

加强题一般题干出现support ，strengthen 等表达的题目比如

Which finding about the remote-sensing images, if true, would most directly support Prümers and colleagues’ conclusion?

加强题的本质是使提升原文成立的可能性。

加强题解题方法：
（eg） 

Pulitzer Prize–winning writer Héctor Tobar has built a multifaceted career as both a journalist and an author of short stories and novels. In an essay about Tobar’s work, a student claims that Tobar blends his areas of expertise by applying journalism techniques to his creation of works of fiction.

Which quotation from a literary critic best supports the student’s claim?

（A） “For one novel, an imagined account of a real person’s global travels, Tobar approached his subject like a reporter, interviewing people the man had met along the way and researching the man’s own writings.”

（B） “Tobar got his start as a volunteer for El Tecolote, a community newspaper in San Francisco, and wrote for newspapers for years before earning a degree in creative writing and starting to publish works of fiction.”

（C） “Many of Tobar’s notable nonfiction articles are marked by the writer’s use of techniques usually associated with fiction, such as complex narrative structures and the incorporation of symbolism.”

（D） “The protagonist of Tobar’s third novel is a man who wants to be a novelist and keeps notes about interesting people he encounters so he can use them when developing characters for his stories.”

第一步我们要确定claim:

CLAIM: Tobar blends his areas of expertise by applying journalism techniques to his creation of works of fiction.

第二步阅读四个选项 找到作者把“新闻媒体应用到小说写作过程中”的要素即可。

“Tobar applied journalism techniques to his fiction-writing process.”

B选项告诉我们Tobar’s initial career as a journalist（tobar 的职业）没有提到applying any journalism techniques to his fiction-writing.✘

C 选项的nonfiction属于无关选项。✘

D选项的没有提到claim中的任何两个信息（journalism techniques and fiction）✘

A 的选项：“ for one novel of his, Tobar approached his subject “like a reporter”, including conducting interviews and research.告诉我们是把新闻媒体的方式用到了文学写作中的具体例子，所以A最合适。✔

best supports the claim and is the answer.

逻辑削弱题解题步骤和加强题一样，只不过逻辑相反而已，也需要从以下几个方面去考虑。

.削弱原因 2.削弱结论 3.找其它原因 4.直接削弱因果关联

下面是逻辑削减题的做题步骤，举例如下：

削弱题解题方法:
（eg） 

Political scientists who favor the traditional view of voter behavior claim that voting in an election does not change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates in that election. Focusing on each US presidential election from 1976 to 1996, Ebonya Washington.

and Sendhil Mullainathan tested this claim by distinguishing between subjects who had just become old enough to vote (around half of whom actually voted) and otherwise similar subjects who were slightly too young to vote (and thus none of whom voted). Washington and Mullainathan compared the attitudes of the groups of subjects toward the winning candidate two years after each election.

Which finding from Washington and Mullainathan’s study, if true, would most directly weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of voter behavior?

(A)  Subjects’ attitudes toward the winning candidate two years after a given election were strongly predicted by subjects’ general political orientation, regardless of whether subjects were old enough to vote at the time of the election.

(B)  Subjects who were not old enough to vote in a given election held significantly more positive attitudes towards the winning candidate wo years later than they held at the time of the election.

(C)  Subjects who voted in a given election held significantly more polarized attitudes toward the winning candidate two years later than did subjects who were not old enough to vote in that election.

(D)  Two years after a given election, subjects who voted and subjects who were not old enough to vote were significantly more likely to express negative attitudes than positive attitudes toward the winning candidate in that election.

虽然文章比较长，但是逻辑题的claim 在第一句就清晰的告诉了我们，后面属于context或者premise.

第一步找claim：Political scientists who favor the traditional view of voter behavior claim that voting in an election does not change a voter’s attitude toward the candidates in that election

中文意思：政治理论家他们支持传统的投票行为观点：在一场选举中，投票是不会改变投票者对候选人的态度。

如果我们去反对这样的观点：那么只要找到一个选项即投票行为改变了投票人的态度即可.

A选项：人们对选举赢家的态度被预测到了，后面加了一个补充的句子这些人不管他能不能有选举的权利。不能够减弱原文逻辑态度，两个理由：人们对 赢家态度和被准确预测和原文的关系不同，第二 需要有人实际去投票才能得出结论也是一个前提条件，A不具备。✘

B 选项：虽然提到了positive 的态度，但是这些都是没有到达法定年龄的还不具备投票权。✘

C 选项：投票人（有投票权）态度是极端的，比他两年前（没有投票权的时候）， hit the mark.这个选项正好提到了投票影响了他对候选人的态度符合我们需要的证据。✔

D 选项：subjects who were not old enough to vote 不可以，we need people who actually vote.✘

SAT 中有一种题出现在每个module的最后一题 Rhetorical synthesis。这是机考改革之后新的题型，文章很长，但是不难，考察总结和细心能力。

（eg） 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.

Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.

Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

(A) They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

(B) The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book by Sinclair.

(C) The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).

(D) Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.

做这个题的时候需要注意，可能会出现在最后一两道题，所以时间非常紧迫，我们必须先看题目是如何要求的，比如说上面这道题。

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books.强调两本书的不同。

(A) 提到一点不同，但是作者更强调相似。

(B) 选项作者更在强调法案（法律），而不是书。

(C) 讲相同点。

(D) 是我们需要的答案。

总之最后一题比较简单，想要在短时间内做完，需要先看题干问的要求，然后阅读文章和选项去选择。